Translation Project Essay Example for Free

Translation Project Essay Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in their book Stylistique Comparee du Francaiset de l Anglais (1958) which is a comparative stylistic analysis of the different translation strategies and procedures used in French and English view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text. With regard to equivalent expressions between  language pairs, Vinay and Darbelnet claim that they are acceptable as long as they are listed in a bilingual dictionary as full equivalents. They talk about ‘direct’ and ‘oblique’ translation where ‘direct’ refers to literal translation and ‘oblique’ refers to free translation. Furthermore, they have proposed seven procedures, the first three covered by direct translation and the remaining four by oblique translation. Direct translation includes the processes of: 1. Borrowing 2. Calque 3. Literal translation Oblique translation includes the processes of: 1. Transposition 2. Modulation. 3. Equivalence 4. Adaptation The discussion to follow will be focusing on the explanation of these seven processes with reference to the novel by Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice ( Source text) and its Urdu translation by Professor Shahid Hameed as â€Å"Takkabur or Ta’asub† (Target text). 1. Direct Translation 1. 1. Borrowing Jeremy Munday in his book Introducing Translation Studies says that in borrowing â€Å"the SL word is transferred directly to the TL†. It is the idea of taking the word from the source language and maintaining it in the target language. It is considered the simplest of  the procedures and tends to be employed in two situations: either when discussing a new technical process for which no term exists within the target language, or when maintaining a word from the source language for stylistic effect, in which the translator uses the foreign term to add flavor to the target text. The advantage of borrowing strategy is that it brings an original connotation to the word in TL. 1. 2. Calque A calque is when an expression from the source text (ST) is transferred literally into the TT. Calques either follow the syntax of the TL while translating each word literally or ignore the  syntax of the TL and maintain the syntax of the SL, rendering the calque in an awkward syntactical structure in the TT. It has the same influence on the enhancement of cultural integration. However, sometimes this translation strategy will cause difficulties in conveying messages in the TL. 1. 3. Literal translation This is word for word translation. Vinay and Darbelnet describe it as being the most common between the languages of the same family and culture. The idea of translating word for word in a way that does not alter the meaning is considered an acceptable use of literal translation by the two scholars. Vinay and Darbelnet say that literal method is ‘unacceptable’ in these occasions: 1. 3. 1. It gives another meaning 1. 3. 2. It has no meaning 1. 3. 3. It is structurally impossible 2. Oblique Translation 2. 1. Transposition Vinay and Darbelnet referred to transposition as changing word class without changing meaning. This refers to when translators change the word type, such as from nouns to verbs. They considered transposition to be either obligatory or optional, and referred to the ST as the base expression and the TT as the transposed expression. According to Newmark transposition consists of four types of grammatical changes. The first type concerns words form and position, the second type of transposition is usually used when the TL does not have the equal grammatical structure of the SL. Newmark defines the third type as â€Å"the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with the natural usage in the TL. † Transposition, here, offers translators a plenty of possible versions. Concerning the fourth type, it occurs when the translator uses a grammatical structure as a way to replace a lexical gap. 2. 2. Modulation The fifth of Vinay and Darbelnets procedures is modulation. Modulation is defined as â€Å"a change in point of view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way. † In other words Modulation refers to rendering the TT from a different point of view to that of the ST. Vinay and Darbelnet consider this procedure to be necessary when the results of the former procedures would produce an awkward- sounding translation, despite it being grammatically, syntactically, and lexically correct. Modulation is a way for the translator to find a degree of naturalness in their TT without sacrificing any meaning or accuracy originating from the ST. The  application of this skill demands very much the translator’s capacity to mastering bilingual languages. 2. 3. Equivalence: It refers to a strategy to describe the same situation by ‘using completely different stylistic or structural methods’ for producing ‘equivalent texts’. Equivalence is not only useful but also necessary in translating idioms and proverbs. 2. 4. Adaptation: It refers to a method ‘used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture’. Rather than operations on linguistic level, this strategy focus on phenomena or practices that are absent in the target  culture.

Cynthia Ozick :: essays papers

Cynthia Ozick Cynthia Ozick was an American short story writer, novelist, essayist, poet, and translator. She considers herself an American Jewish writer. Cynthia Ozick was a writer of fiction and non-fiction, but did not bloom her career until she was 32 years old. Her literary hero was Henry James. After Cynthia Ozick finished graduate school, she would read for hours. She tried to read all the books that she never read before. She tried to learn everything she could from the books that she read. Reading books are what influenced her to become a writer, so she began to read about the history of Jews, which inspired her to write about it. Cynthia Ozick wrote many short stories, novels, and essays about being in concentration camps. One of her famous short stories that had a setting in a concentration camp was â€Å"The Shawl†. Cynthia Ozick was not an actual witness to the Holocaust, but she did read many books about it. She began reading things that ran from Biblical times and went through the 19th century. When she first wanted to write about the Holocaust, Elie Wiesel asked her not too. Elie Wiesel was another author that wrote books about the Holocaust. Elie Wiesel experienced being in the Holocaust, and therefore was an actual survivor. Elie Wiesel asked Cynthia Ozick to wait a few years until there was no more witnesses to find fault with her representation of the Shoah. The Shoah is also known as Holocaust Day. This is the remembrance of all the Jews that were murdered during the Holocaust. The reason for that was because Cynthia Ozick falsified the event and mocked a sacred text. At all cost, the Shoal had to be secured. Cynthia Ozick was upset and hurt, not because she was reprimanded for making a minor historical error, but because she was treated as a stranger. Cynthia Ozick was an American Jew, not just an American. She was treated as if she was just an American. She was also treated as if she was an American writer that had no clue what the Holocaust was really about. Cynthia Ozick did know about the Holocaust, she learned about the Holocaust just by reading about it. Cynthia Ozick wrote a letter to Elie Wiesel stating that just because she was not a witness of the Holocaust and part American, she should not be excluded from being part Jewish.

A Review of the Internal Performance Measurement

Structured payout compensation Generous tuition assistance plan Comprehensive group insurance package Stock purchase plan Health/Fitness reimbursement program Employer matching Registered Retirement Savings Plan Recognition by awards Individual Goal Setting: The goals for production for the tax season are set using (SMART)2. These are specific, measurable and meaningful, assignable to a particular individual, realistic and time-bound. When hired associates are aware of their Job function and understand the level of performance required. There are opportunities for training, education and evelopment.Performance appraisals are done and discussed with the associate half way through the tax season. Any further training is offered to allow the employee to achieve the level of success expected. Compensation Structure: – Appendix B Associates are offered a thriving environment in which to expand their skills and develop their potential. 3 Payout is based on a formula calculated based :- Appendix B Cost of return on a tiered system Years of Service Data Collection Office Retention Tax Professional Retention Target goals set by head office Strengths Promotes personal growth and developmentBuilds Teamwork Client Focused Weakness Employees who are not tax preparers not recognized Does not fully utilize the knowledge and skills of employees Success in Strength Training H & R Block trains more than 10,000 students in the tax preparation classes each year. There are five levels of tax courses that have to be done sequentially. Once Level One is completed and the employee had a successful tax season with a high degree of accuracy they are allowed to proceed to Level 2 the following year. If not level one is repeated. Your compensation is partially structured based on years of service.Awards are presented at the end of the tax season for client retention, growth, highest number of returns in several different categories and many more areas. This is more bragging rights a nd public recognition rather than monetary. Office Goals Targets are set by head office based on location, population growth and budgeted growth for each office. Once all targets are met, the employee is compensated. If not the payout is reduced or eliminated. This builds team spirit in achieving office targets. Client Focused Tax associates are compensated based on client responses to a one question survey.This encourages employees to go above and beyond to assist clients with other queries not Just tax preparation. This encourages client retention, satisfy shareholders and succeed financially. Weaknesses Customer service representative are not compensated by incentives but instead are paid a flat hourly rate. They are the front line people and should be recognized. Awards should be presented for exceptional work. This would certainly encourage team spirit and align with the company's values of team work and respect. Seasonal employees are from various businesses and the knowledge and skills should be used o the advantage of the clients.

The Warnings in George Orwells Animal Farm Essay

George Orwells Animal Farm George Orwells goal in writing the novel Animal Farm was to portray the events surrounding the Russian revolution that took place in 1917. Orwells tale of Animal Farm is seemingly a story of how a group of farmyard animals plot to overthrow their owner and seize control of the land. The novel seems to be a simple story, however Orwell wrote this book as an allegory, a story that has a clear secondary meaning beneath is literal sense. Everything in Animal Farm is used to represent people and events that took place during the Russian revolution from 1917-1939. Orwell chose to represent Russias three famous leaders during this time with three pigs. Each three are drastically different and have dissimilar†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the way in which Snowball and Trotsky were most alike is their demise. Snowball and Trotsky were exiled from Animal Farm and Russia in a very similar manor. When Snowball gains to much power for Napoleon?s authority, a group of secretly trained dogs run Snowball out of Animal Farm. ?They dashed strait for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws.? (Chapter V pg.67) More drastic is when Trotsky becomes too much of a threat towards Stalin, and is eliminated. The banishment and killing of Snowball and Napoleon tells us that brute force and not good intentions governs. Here we see the warning that we as the people of our governments must push to ensure that know power hungry monster rules over us. Another way, in which Orwell portrays significant figures during the Russian revolution, is through the character Napoleon and Josef Stalin. Napoleon much like Stalin is a power hungry mongrel that has a blatant lust for power. In fact the very first description of Napoleon suggests trouble, ?Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire Boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way.? (Chapter II pg. 35) Napoleons description as being large, fierce looking and being the only Berkshire Boar on the farm tells theShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreThe Literary Impact Of George Orwell . George Orwell, Born1375 Words   |  6 Pages The Literary Impact of George Orwell George Orwell, born as Eric Arthur Blair, was a British journalist and author. His works were compelling, especially, when it comes to his strong political beliefs. He is considered one of the most widely admired English-language essayists of the twentieth century. As Elkins points out, he is best known for the two novels that were written toward the end of his life: the anti-utopian political allegory Animal Farm and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-FourRead MoreAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm Literary Analysis710 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell, a writer of many novels and other literature, one of his most known is Animal Farm.This book is where Orwell’s political style as well as other techniques he used in his writing were used most. Animal Farm is about farm animals who are being neglected by their owner, and they decides to overthrow him and take control of their farm. However, that is only the the outer layer of the story, looking under th e surface, this is an allegory detailing the Russian Revolution. The author wroteRead MoreHow Is Marxism Portrayed in Animal Farm by George Orwell? Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesHow is Marxism portrayed throughout ‘Animal Farm’ by George Orwell? The main aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society, and ‘Animal Farm’ is generally considered to be a Marxist novel, as all its characters share a similar ambition at the beginning. ‘Animal Farm’ represents an example of the oppressed masses rising up to form their own classless society, whilst offering a subtle critique on Stalin’s Soviet Russia, and communism in general. Orwell is, ironically, revolutionary in hisRead MoreGeorge Orwells Contributions to Society1199 Words   |  5 PagesPreface. Animal Farm. By George Orwell. 1996. 50th Anniversary ed. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1946. v-xii. Print. Glover, Beaird. Nineteen Eighty-Four. Masterplots, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. Knapp, John V. George Orwell. Critical Survey Of Long Fiction, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-6. Literary Reference Center. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. ORWELL, George. (n.d.): Funk amp; Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. Orwell, George. NineteenRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1392 Words   |  6 Pages George Orwell Never Misuses Words In what was a vastly controversial novel published in 1945, George Orwell’s Animal Farm describes the horrific brand of communism in the Soviet Union and the conscious blindness that most of the West accepted at that time. Although Orwell labeled Animal Farm as a fairy tale, this historically parallel novel branches into the genres of political satire, fable, and allegory as well. What made Animal Farm so controversial among the â€Å"British socialists† and WesternRead MoreGeorge Orwell and Animal Farm and 19841008 Words   |  5 Pages George Orwell and Animal Farm and 1984 nbsp; George Orwell is only a pen name. The man behind the classics Animal Farm and 1984 was named Eric Arthur Blair and was born to a middle class family living in Bengal in 1903. Eric Blair got his first taste of class prejudice at a young age when his mother forced him to abandon his playmates, which were plumbers children (Crick 9). He could then play only with the other children in the family, all of whom were at least five years older or youngerRead MoreThe Works of George Orwell1347 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell How did George Orwell, an author who died over 50 years ago, suddenly rocket to the top of the best sellers list? George Orwell was able to show peoples all over the world about dangers that not only pertained to people of his time period but to multitudes of future generations. He used his literary knowledge to write books that were incredible influential in both their literary skill and the message they portrayed. George Orwell greatly influenced British society through his literaryRead MoreThe Use of Distortion as a Literary Device in George Orwells Animal Farm580 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Farm, by George Orwell, is an excellent example of distortion as a literary device. The story is set up as a fable using a third person objective viewpoint and personification of animals to represent historical figures and stereotypes. Distortion can also be found in much of the symbolism throughout the novel. Similar to a fable, Animal Farm makes use of personification. In the story, farm animals are used to represent different classes of people, from the average working man to government